Water Security for Nusantara: Sustainable Solutions for a Climate-Resilient Future

                                                             Author: AM Tris Hardyanto

Jakarta is sinking, and Indonesia is making history! Nusantara, the world's newest capital city, is rising in East Kalimantan as a climate-resilient, smart, and sustainable metropolis. However, will it succeed where others have failed? With forests woven into urban planning, smart water grids, and renewable energy at its core, Nusantara is not just a city—it is a bold vision for the future of sustainable living. The question is: Will Nusantara become a global model of innovation or repeat the mistakes of Jakarta? The answer lies in its water security, environmental policies, and commitment to smart urban development.

 

1.    The Water Crisis in Nusantara

 Jakarta is sinking. The capital city has experienced land subsidence at an alarming rate of up to 10 centimetres per year (Hermawan, 2022), primarily due to excessive groundwater extraction. This crisis, combined with chronic water shortages and worsening floods, has compelled Indonesia to relocate its capital to Nusantara—a bold vision for a sustainable and resilient future. However, Nusantara faces a looming challenge: water security.

Without decisive action, Nusantara risks mirroring Jakarta's struggles with groundwater depletion, pollution, and ecological degradation. The city's freshwater sources remain limited, while rapid population growth and increasing industrial demands threaten long-term sustainability. Effective planning is crucial—not only for economic growth but also for social stability and environmental resilience.

Lessons from regions like East Nusa Tenggara (Wishanti, 2021) and Lembata Regency (Masduqi, 2020) highlight the dire consequences of poor water management. Jakarta's ongoing crisis further underscores the urgency of proactive strategies (From Jakarta to Nusantara: Land Subsidence and Other Pressing Water Challenges in a Sinking Megacity, 2023). To secure its future, Nusantara must prioritize water sustainability from the outset—not as an afterthought but as a fundamental pillar of development.

Additionally, sustainable urban sanitation must be integrated into the city's master plan (Hardyanto, 2024). Water security is not merely an infrastructure challenge—it is a matter of human survival, economic prosperity, and environmental preservation. Without a resilient water management system, Nusantara could face severe social, economic, and ecological consequences.

The question remains: Will Nusantara rise to the challenge, or will it repeat Jakarta's mistakes? The answer lies in its ability to implement forward-thinking water policies, invest in technological innovation, and build climate-resilient infrastructure.

 

1.1 Setting the Stage: The Water Challenge in Nusantara

 

Indonesia's decision to relocate its capital to Nusantara is more than a logistical undertaking—it is a strategic move to redistribute economic opportunities and mitigate Jakarta's environmental crises, including land subsidence, chronic flooding, and air pollution. However, this transformation introduces a critical challenge: securing a reliable and sustainable water supply. Without a robust water management strategy, Nusantara risks inheriting the same vulnerabilities that have plagued Jakarta for decades.

As Nusantara develops, its demand for freshwater will rise sharply. Current projections estimate that by 2045, water demand in the region will increase by at least 30% (Mulyawati et al., 2024). However, the city's natural freshwater sources remain limited, raising concerns about long-term availability. Rapid population growth, coupled with expanding industrial activities, will further strain water resources. If left unaddressed, groundwater depletion and pollution could severely undermine the city's sustainability. Ensuring sufficient water access is not just an infrastructure challenge—it is essential for economic stability, public health, and environmental resilience.

Climate change compounds these risks. Shifting precipitation patterns and intensifying extreme weather events threaten to disrupt water reliability (Howard et al., 2010). Extended droughts could reduce reservoir levels, while unpredictable Rainfall may overwhelm drainage systems. Without climate-adaptive water policies, Nusantara could face prolonged water scarcity, impacting millions of residents and businesses.

To prevent a water crisis, Nusantara must integrate climate resilience into its water strategy from the outset. Adopting lessons from water-stressed regions within Indonesia and global best practices will be key to ensuring long-term security. By investing in sustainable infrastructure, diversifying water sources, and implementing innovative management systems, Nusantara can build a resilient and climate-adaptive future.

 

1.2 The High Stakes: Economic, Social, and Environmental Risks of Inaction

 

Water security is not just a technical challenge—it is a critical determinant of Nusantara's economic stability, social cohesion, and environmental resilience. Without proactive water management, the consequences of inaction could be severe.

 

1.2.1 Social Stability at Risk: The Human Cost of Water Insecurity

 

Water is the foundation of public health, social equity, and community resilience. When access to clean water becomes uncertain, the risks extend far beyond inconvenience:

• Increased Social Tensions → Water shortages can exacerbate inequality, creating divisions between those with access and those without. Historically, water crises have fueled protests and civil unrest, particularly in urban areas where demand outpaces supply (Howard et al., 2010).
• Public Health Threats → Contaminated water leads to disease outbreaks such as cholera and dysentery, placing a heavy burden on public health systems. Poor sanitation and inadequate wastewater treatment worsen health disparities, particularly for vulnerable populations.
• Migration and Displacement → Water scarcity can drive forced migration, pushing communities to relocate in search of stable water sources. It places additional strain on urban infrastructure and social services.

 

1.2.2 Economic Risks: The Cost of Water Scarcity

 

Water scarcity has direct and measurable economic consequences. If Nusantara fails to secure its water future, industries, businesses, and livelihoods will suffer.

 

Sector	Potential Impact of Water Scarcity
Manufacturing	Reduced water availability may lead to production slowdowns, supply chain disruptions, and factory closures, threatening thousands of jobs.
Agriculture	Insufficient irrigation could cut crop yields, increase food prices, and reduce farmer incomes.
Energy	Hydropower generation—crucial for Indonesia's energy mix—could decline, leading to power shortages and increased reliance on fossil fuels.
Investment & Growth	Investors may hesitate to commit to Nusantara if water risks remain unaddressed, slowing economic expansion.

 

📌 Quantified Impact: Studies estimate that a 40% shortfall in water supply by 2050 could cost Indonesia up to $200 billion annually in lost productivity and increased resource costs (Mishra et al., 2021). Without decisive action, Nusantara risks significant economic setbacks, threatening its vision as a global investment hub.

 

1.2.3 Environmental Degradation: Lessons from Jakarta's Groundwater Crisis

 

Unchecked groundwater extraction in Nusantara could mirror Jakarta's environmental failures, leading to irreversible land subsidence and ecosystem collapse.

• Jakarta's Sinking Disaster → Over 40% of Jakarta now lies below sea level, sinking up to 10 cm per year due to excessive groundwater withdrawal (Durmuş et al., 2024). The result? Frequent flooding, infrastructure damage, and forced relocations.
• Nusantara's Potential Risks → Without stringent groundwater regulations, the new capital could suffer similar consequences, jeopardizing its long-term sustainability.
• Ecosystem Disruptions → Over-extraction disrupts natural water cycles, depletes river ecosystems, and threatens biodiversity, accelerating desertification in vulnerable areas.

📌 Case Study: Tokyo, Japan, once faced severe land subsidence due to groundwater depletion but reversed the trend through strict extraction controls and alternative water sources. Nusantara must adopt similar proactive strategies to prevent ecological collapse.

 

1.2.4  A Call for Proactive Action

 

Water scarcity is not merely an infrastructure issue—it is an existential challenge that will shape Nusantara's future. Addressing it requires:

✅ Comprehensive Water Management → Investing in desalination, rainwater harvesting, and smart irrigation to diversify water sources.
✅ Climate-Adaptive Policies → Implementing regulations to reduce over-extraction and mitigate climate-driven water risks.
✅ Public-Private Collaboration → Engaging government, industry, and local communities to create a resilient water strategy.

📌 The decisions made today will determine whether Nusantara thrives as a climate-resilient capital or succumbs to the same water crises that plague Jakarta.

 

 1.3 Challenges of Water Scarcity in Nusantara

 

Water scarcity in Nusantara presents a complex and urgent challenge that demands strategic planning and innovative solutions. The region's limited hydrological capacity raises concerns about whether natural water sources can support the needs of a rapidly expanding urban population and growing industrial sector. Traditional water management methods may no longer suffice, requiring adaptive strategies to address increasing demand and shifting climate patterns.

 

1.3.1 Population Growth and Water Demand: A Looming Crisis

 

Nusantara's population is projected to reach 1.9 million by 2045, marking a substantial increase from its initial development phase (Indonesian Ministry of National Development Planning, 2023). This rapid expansion will intensify water demand, putting immense pressure on the region's natural reservoirs, aquifers, and distribution networks. Studies indicate that urban population growth of this magnitude can increase water consumption by up to 50% in newly developed cities (Ojea et al., 2021).

📌 Key Concerns:

• Increased Domestic Water Consumption → Higher per capita usage due to urban lifestyle changes.
• More significant Strain on Infrastructure → Existing water systems must expand rapidly to meet demand.
• Potential Inequality in Access → Without efficient management, lower-income groups may struggle to access clean water.

Sustainable urban planning must address this growth by prioritizing equitable water distribution, investing in alternative water sources, and implementing efficient usage policies.

 

1.3.2 Rising Industrial Water Demand: A Challenge for Economic Growth

 

Nusantara's industrial sector is expected to drive economic growth, but its water-intensive operations pose a significant sustainability challenge. Industrial water demand will increase by an estimated 40% over the next two decades, primarily due to expansion in key industries (Borgomeo et al., 2016).

📌 Industries Most Affected:

1. Manufacturing → Factories require large volumes of water for cooling, processing, and cleaning operations. Without efficient water recycling, industrial water use could overburden local supplies.
2. Energy Production → Power plants, particularly thermal and hydropower facilities, depend heavily on water. A lack of supply could limit energy output and disrupt economic activities.
3. Agriculture & Food Processing → Water-intensive crops and food production plants could face constraints, leading to supply chain disruptions and increased food prices.

📌 Potential Risks:

• Over-extraction of groundwater → Leads to land subsidence, similar to Jakarta's ongoing crisis.
• Conflict over resource allocation → Competition between domestic, industrial, and agricultural sectors could lead to shortages.
• The decline in foreign investment → Investors may hesitate to establish industries in a region facing severe water stress.

To mitigate these risks, Nusantara must enforce strict water conservation policies, invest in wastewater treatment and reuse technologies, and implement industry-specific sustainability guidelines.

 

1.3.3  A Call for Innovation: Securing Nusantara's Water Future

 

The challenges posed by water scarcity in Nusantara require a forward-thinking and adaptive approach:

✅ Diversified Water Sources → Desalination, rainwater harvesting, and wastewater recycling must supplement existing supplies.
✅ Smart Water Management Systems → Digital monitoring can optimize distribution and detect inefficiencies in real-time.
✅ Climate-Resilient Infrastructure → Investments in sustainable water storage and conservation technologies will ensure long-term availability.

📌 The success of Nusantara depends on its ability to manage water sustainably—not only for its people but for its industries and environmental future. Proactive policies and strategic investments today will determine whether the new capital thrives or struggles under the weight of water insecurity.

 

1.4  The Role of Technological Innovation

 

Technological innovation is a cornerstone of water security in Nusantara, offering cost-effective and sustainable solutions to mitigate water scarcity. By integrating smart water management systems, AI-driven monitoring, and decentralized water infrastructure, Nusantara can ensure efficient water distribution, reduced losses, and enhanced resilience in the face of climate challenges.

---

1.4.1 Smart Water Management Systems: Lessons from Singapore

Singapore stands as a global leader in smart water management, demonstrating how technology can transform water security. The country's Smart Water Grid, managed by the Public Utilities Board (PUB), integrates real-time sensors, predictive analytics, and AI-driven monitoring to detect leaks, optimize water distribution, and reduce waste (PUB Singapore, 2023).

📌 Key Benefits of Singapore's Model:

• Reduces Non-Revenue Water (NRW) Loss → Advanced leak detection has cut water losses to 5%, compared to the global average of 30% (World Bank, 2022).
• Enhances Water Recycling → The development of NEWater, Singapore's ultra-purified wastewater, meets 40% of the country's demand, significantly reducing reliance on imports (PUB Singapore, 2023).
• Improves Cost Efficiency → Smart meters and AI-based consumption tracking have lowered operational costs by optimizing water distribution.

Applying similar digital water infrastructure in Nusantara will reduce inefficiencies, minimize waste, and improve overall supply reliability.

---

1.4.2 AI-Powered Leak Detection and Cost Savings

Water losses due to leaks remain a critical challenge in urban water management. AI-powered leak detection systems can reduce water loss by up to 25%, saving millions in operational costs (EPA, 2021). By deploying machine learning algorithms and real-time data analytics, Nusantara can:

✅ Identify Leaks Faster → AI can detect pipe failures before they cause significant losses, preventing billions of litres of wasted water annually.
✅ Cut Maintenance Costs → Predictive maintenance reduces repair expenses by 20%, extending infrastructure lifespan (World Bank, 2022).
✅ Enhance Water Conservation → AI-driven usage tracking allows authorities to optimize supply, ensuring sustainable distribution.

By investing in AI-driven water management, Nusantara can achieve long-term savings while securing water for future generations.

---

1.4.3  Decentralized Water Management: Rainwater Harvesting for Urban Resilience

Decentralized water management systems provide alternative water sources that reduce dependence on centralized supply networks. Rainwater harvesting, successfully implemented in cities like Berlin and Tokyo, has demonstrated the potential to:

📌 Key Advantages of Decentralized Systems:

• Reduce Demand on Municipal Water Supplies → In Tokyo, rainwater harvesting provides 30% of non-potable water for public facilities (Schuetze & Chelleri, 2013).
• Increase Climate Resilience → By capturing Rainfall, cities can reduce flood risks and supplement supply during droughts.
• Lower Infrastructure Costs → Decentralized systems minimize strain on treatment plants, reducing long-term operational expenses.

Incorporating rainwater harvesting and decentralized treatment into Nusantara's urban design will strengthen water security while enhancing environmental sustainability.

---

1.4.4  A Smart, Sustainable Future for Nusantara

To overcome water scarcity, Nusantara must embrace technological innovation as a core component of its development strategy:

✅ Adopt Singapore's Smart Water Grid Model → Use real-time sensors, predictive analytics, and AI to optimize water distribution.
✅ Implement AI-Powered Leak Detection → Reduce water loss and cut operational costs.
✅ Expand Decentralized Water Management → Promote rainwater harvesting and alternative supply sources.

📌 By integrating cutting-edge technologies, Nusantara can build a climate-resilient and water-secure future—ensuring long-term sustainability, economic stability, and environmental protection.

 

1.5  Climate Adaptation Strategies

 

Climate adaptation strategies are critical in the context of Nusantara's water crisis. As climate change continues to impact weather patterns and water availability, it is essential to develop adaptive management practices that can respond to these changes effectively. The work of Yasin et al. underscores the importance of governance structures that facilitate adaptive management and enhance the resilience of water systems in the face of climate variability (Yasin et al., 2020).

 

Moreover, community engagement in water management decision-making processes is vital for ensuring that the needs and perspectives of marginalized populations are considered. Grasham et al. emphasize the importance of engaging with vulnerable communities to build socio-ecological resilience and promote equitable access to water resources (Grasham et al., 2021). This participatory approach can foster a sense of ownership and Responsibility among community members, ultimately contributing to more sustainable water management practices.

 

In conclusion, the water crisis in Nusantara presents a complex challenge that requires a multifaceted approach to ensure sustainable water security. The interplay of limited natural resources, rapid population growth, and increasing industrial demands necessitates innovative water management strategies that prioritize resilience and sustainability. The stakes are high, as inadequate water supply can lead to social unrest, economic stagnation, and environmental degradation.

 

To navigate these challenges, it is imperative to adopt a comprehensive water management framework that incorporates technological innovation, climate adaptation strategies, and community engagement. By prioritizing water security, Nusantara can pave the way for a sustainable and prosperous future, ensuring that the needs of its residents are met while safeguarding the environment for generations to come.

 

2.    The Water Challenge: Why is Nusantara Facing a Crisis?

 

2.1 Historical Context: Why Did It Happen?

 

The water crisis in Nusantara is a result of decades of policy missteps, infrastructure neglect, and unsustainable resource management. With Indonesia's population surpassing 280 million, only 20% of citizens have access to piped drinking water, underscoring a severe infrastructure gap (Mulyawati et al., 2024). As Nusantara develops, water demand is expected to exceed supply, further straining the region's already limited resources (Howard et al., 2010).

 

2.1.1  Policy Failures That Led to Jakarta's Water Crisis

Jakarta's struggles with water scarcity offer a cautionary tale for Nusantara. Several policy failures have contributed to the crisis:

1. Over-Reliance on Groundwater Extraction → Weak regulations led to unchecked groundwater withdrawal, causing land subsidence of up to 10 cm per year, making Jakarta one of the fastest-sinking cities in the world (Durmuş et al., 2024).
2. Lack of Investment in Water Infrastructure → Decades of underfunding left Jakarta's water treatment plants outdated, with high levels of non-revenue water (NRW) loss exceeding 40% (Mishra et al., 2021).
3. Privatization of Water Supply → In the 1990s, Jakarta's water services were privatized, leading to inefficiencies, high costs, and poor service coverage, especially in low-income areas (Bakker, 2010).
4. Poor Urban Planning → Rapid expansion of impervious surfaces (e.g., roads, buildings) reduced groundwater recharge, increasing surface runoff and worsening flooding (Mishra et al., 2021).
5. Weak Environmental Regulations → Industrial pollution and weak enforcement of wastewater treatment policies led to the contamination of Jakarta's primary water sources, making them unfit for consumption.

 

2.1.2  Implications for Nusantara

 

The relocation of Indonesia's capital to Nusantara offers a fresh start, but past mistakes must not be repeated. The new city cannot rely solely on groundwater or outdated supply models. Instead, Nusantara must invest in resilient infrastructure, enforce sustainable policies, and integrate climate-adaptive water management systems.

 

A Call for Proactive Water Governance

To avoid Jakarta's fate, Nusantara must:

✅ Expand Piped Water Access → Ensure that households, industries, and agriculture have access to treated, sustainable water sources.
✅ Regulate Groundwater Usage → Implement strict monitoring to prevent subsidence and depletion.
✅ Modernize Water Infrastructure → Reduce water losses, improve treatment efficiency, and promote water recycling.
✅ Strengthen Environmental Protections → Enforce strict pollution controls and wastewater management to maintain water quality.

📌 By learning from Jakarta's failures, Nusantara can build a water-secure future that prioritizes resilience, sustainability, and equitable access.

 

2.2    Current National Water Statistics

 

Water scarcity in Nusantara is a pressing challenge that requires immediate attention. Only 20% of the population has access to piped water, forcing the majority of Indonesians to rely on unreliable and often contaminated water sources (Durmuş et al., 2024). As population growth and industrial expansion accelerate, water demand is projected to increase by 50% by 2045, yet existing supply systems remain insufficient (Ojea et al., 2021). Without significant improvements, both households and industries will struggle, jeopardizing Nusantara's long-term sustainability.

 

2.2.1  Water Availability: How Does Nusantara Compare?

A comparison of Nusantara's water infrastructure with other major Indonesian cities highlights the severity of the issue:

📌 Key Insights:

• Nusantara has the lowest piped water access (20%) compared to Jakarta (60%) and Surabaya (55%).
• Non-revenue water loss due to leaks and mismanagement remains high, at 40%.
• Groundwater dependency is dangerously high (70%), increasing the risk of land subsidence.

 

City	Population with Piped Water Access (%)	Non-Revenue Water Loss (%)	Projected Water Demand Increase by 2045 (%)	Groundwater Dependency (%)
Nusantara	20	40	50	70
Jakarta	60	42	30	55
Surabaya	55	38	28	50
Bandung	50	35	32	45
Medan	45	37	35	50

 

 

 

 

This data underscores the urgent need for investment in water infrastructure in Nusantara.

 

2.2.2  The Infrastructure Crisis: Wasted Resources and System Failures

 

Poorly maintained infrastructure further worsens the crisis. Ageing pipelines and inefficient distribution systems result in significant water losses:

• Up to 40% of treated water is lost before reaching consumers due to leaks and poor maintenance (Borgomeo et al., 2016).
• Geographic and climatic challenges complicate the sustainability of water sources, making large-scale solutions harder to implement.
• High groundwater dependency (70%) increases the risk of land subsidence, similar to the problems seen in Jakarta.

 

2.2.3  A Critical Juncture: What Must Be Done?

 

If decisive action is not taken now, Nusantara risks falling into a full-scale water crisis. The key solutions include:

✅ Expanding Piped Water Networks → Increase treated water accessibility to reduce dependency on unreliable sources.
✅ Reducing Water Losses → Modernize distribution infrastructure and implement smart leak detection systems.
✅ Diversifying Water Sources → Reduce groundwater reliance by investing in desalination, rainwater harvesting, and wastewater recycling.
✅ Strengthening Regulations → Enforce strict water conservation policies to manage demand effectively.

📌 Nusantara's future depends on proactive water management. Without urgent investment in infrastructure and policy reform, the new capital will face severe economic, environmental, and social consequences.

 

2.3 Environmental and Climate Pressures

 

Environmental degradation and climate change are major threats to water security in Nusantara. Deforestation, shifting rainfall patterns, and rising sea levels have significantly disrupted the region's hydrological cycle, reducing freshwater availability and increasing vulnerability to extreme weather events. Without intervention, these pressures will intensify water scarcity and threaten long-term sustainability.

 

 

2.3.1  Deforestation and Rainfall Decline in Kalimantan

Widespread deforestation in Kalimantan has significantly altered regional rainfall patterns. Since 2000, Kalimantan has lost over 80,000 square kilometres of forest, reducing the region's ability to retain moisture and regulate water cycles (Scavo et al., 2022).

📌 Impact on Rainfall and Water Availability:

• Rainfall in Kalimantan has declined by 12% since 1990, reducing groundwater recharge and exacerbating seasonal droughts.
• Increased surface runoff and soil erosion have contaminated rivers, making water treatment more difficult.
• The loss of tree cover has disrupted regional cloud formation, leading to longer dry seasons and unpredictable rain patterns.

These effects directly impact Nusantara, as deforestation weakens the overall resilience of Indonesia's water cycle, making the capital's water supply even more unpredictable.

 

2.3.2   Sea-Level Rise and Saltwater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers

Nusantara's coastal location makes it highly vulnerable to rising sea levels. Since 1993, sea levels around Jakarta and Kalimantan have risen by 15–18 cm, accelerating saltwater intrusion into freshwater aquifers (Schuetze & Chelleri, 2013).

📌 Key Findings on Saltwater Intrusion:

• Saltwater intrusion in Jakarta's coastal aquifers has increased by 35% in the past three decades.
• In Kalimantan, 30% of previously fresh groundwater sources now show salinity levels above safe drinking thresholds.
• Agricultural water supplies are becoming increasingly salinized, affecting crop yields and food security.

Without robust groundwater management, saltwater contamination could render large portions of Nusantara's freshwater sources unusable, jeopardizing drinking water and irrigation supplies.

 

2.3.3  Climate Change and Extreme Weather Patterns

Climate change has destabilized Indonesia's water cycle, making dry seasons longer and wet seasons more intense. Rainfall is now less predictable, increasing the risk of droughts and floods (Yasin et al., 2020).

📌 Observed Climate Trends in Indonesia:

• Longer Dry Seasons → Droughts now last 10–15% longer than they did in the 1980s.
• Erratic Rainfall → Sudden heavy Rainfall leads to flash floods overwhelming outdated drainage systems.
• Higher Temperatures → Increased evaporation rates lower reservoir levels, reducing availa ble water supplies.

These shifts create additional stress on Nusantara's water infrastructure, making sustainable water management and climate adaptation essential.

                             

2.4   Urgent Actions Needed for Climate-Resilient Water Management                                                                                                                                       

To mitigate environmental and climate-related water pressures, Nusantara must:

✅ Reforest Key Watersheds → Implement large-scale tree-planting initiatives to restore natural water retention and stabilize rainfall patterns.
✅ Regulate Groundwater Use → Develop saltwater intrusion prevention strategies, including controlled groundwater extraction and coastal buffer zones.
✅ Invest in Climate-Resilient Infrastructure → Upgrade flood management systems and increase reservoir capacity to store excess rainwater during wet seasons.
✅ Enhance Rainwater Harvesting → Promote urban rainwater collection systems to diversify freshwater sources.

📌 Without decisive action, Nusantara risks severe water shortages, environmental degradation, and economic instability. Proactive policies and sustainable investments are critical for securing the capital's future.

 

3.    Securing Nusantara's Water Future: A Roadmap for 2045

 

Faced with urgent water security challenges, the Indonesian government has outlined a strategic roadmap under its Vision 2045 initiative to ensure sustainable and equitable access to water resources. This roadmap prioritizes safe drinking water and sanitation for all citizens while fostering a resilient, efficient water supply system that integrates regional resources and climate-adaptive solutions. The approach follows a structured timeline-based framework categorized into short-, medium-, and long-term strategies to facilitate effective policy implementation.

 

3.1  Strategic Approaches to Water Security

 

Achieving water security in Nusantara requires a multifaceted strategy that extends beyond conventional water management. The government has identified three key pillars to drive this transformation: infrastructure resilience, digital innovation, and multi-stakeholder collaboration.

 

3.1.1  Short-Term (2025–2030): Strengthening Infrastructure Resilience

 

The Indonesian government will prioritize climate-resilient water infrastructure to mitigate the risks posed by extreme weather events and climate variability. Key actions include:

• Upgrading water supply networks to minimize losses and enhance efficiency (Hansen et al., 2010).
• Implementing sustainable drainage systems to prevent urban flooding.
• Expanding wastewater treatment facilities to improve sanitation in densely populated areas.
• Integrating green infrastructure such as wetlands and retention ponds to enhance urban water resilience.

 

3.1.2   Medium-Term (2030–2035): Leveraging Digital Innovation for Water Management

 

By 2030, digital transformation will play a central role in optimizing water distribution, monitoring consumption, and predicting demand patterns. Key initiatives include:

• Deploying smart water meters and IoT-enabled sensors for real-time tracking.
• Utilizing remote sensing and AI-driven analytics to anticipate and mitigate shortages.
• Implementing digital water governance platforms to improve decision-making and response times.
• Integrating urban planning with digital water management to ensure proactive rather than reactive strategies.

Several global cities, such as Singapore and Barcelona, have successfully implemented real-time water monitoring systems, reducing non-revenue water losses and improving water efficiency (Public Utilities Board Singapore, 2021).

 

3.1.3  Long-Term (2035–2045): Fostering Multi-Stakeholder Collaboration

 

To ensure long-term sustainability, the government will strengthen partnerships between public institutions, private enterprises, and local communities. Core strategies include:

• Expanding public-private partnerships (PPPs) to finance large-scale infrastructure projects.
• Engaging local communities in water conservation and governance initiatives.
• Creating policy incentives to encourage industrial and agricultural sectors to adopt water-efficient technologies.
• Adopting transboundary water management frameworks to coordinate efforts across provinces and regional stakeholders.

As outlined in Building Resilience of the Urban Poor in Indonesia (2022), empowering local communities in decision-making processes fosters greater resilience and long-term sustainability. Countries like the Netherlands and Australia have successfully implemented community-driven water governance models, leading to enhanced conservation and resource-sharing initiatives (Vörösmarty et al., 2018).

 

3.1.4  A Future-Ready Nusantara

 

Securing Nusantara's water future requires a phased approach, bold investments, cutting-edge technology, and inclusive governance. By prioritizing resilient infrastructure (2025–2030), digital innovation (2030–2035), and stakeholder collaboration (2035–2045), Indonesia can establish Nusantara as a global model for sustainable urban water management. Success in this initiative will safeguard Indonesia's water resources for future generations and reinforce Nusantara's vision as a thriving, climate-resilient capital by 2045.

 

3.2  Government's Commitment: Where We Want to Go

 

Indonesia's Vision 2045 sets forth a clear objective: to achieve 100% access to safe drinking water for all citizens by 2045. This goal is critical for improving public health and reducing the risks associated with inadequate water supply, which can lead to waterborne diseases and sanitation crises Done (2024). Additionally, the vision includes a target of 70% access to safe sanitation by the same year, which is essential for enhancing overall health outcomes and minimizing environmental impacts (Ecura et al., 2011).

 

The commitment to these goals reflects a broader understanding of the importance of water security as a foundation for sustainable development. As highlighted by Neelakantan and Parakath, robust water distribution systems are essential for ensuring that communities have reliable access to clean water, which is a prerequisite for economic growth and social stability (Neelakantan & Parakath, 2019). The government's roadmap emphasizes the integration of innovative technologies and sustainable practices to meet these ambitious targets.

 

3.3  Regional Water Supply Strategy

 

A critical component of Nusantara's water security strategy is the integration of existing water supply systems from nearby regions, specifically Balikpapan and Samarinda, into Nusantara's water distribution network. This integration aims to enhance the overall efficiency and reliability of water supply, ensuring that the new capital can meet its growing demand (Ahmad & Eckson, 2017). By leveraging existing infrastructure and resources, the government can optimize water distribution and minimize the costs associated with developing entirely new systems.

 

Furthermore, the establishment of Business-to-Business (B2B) partnerships is a strategic approach to enhance water supply efficiency. These partnerships can facilitate knowledge sharing, resource pooling, and technological innovation, which are essential for improving water management practices (Zulhijariyanto et al., 2019). As emphasized by Hossain et al., effective collaboration between public and private sectors can lead to more resilient water supply systems that are better equipped to handle the challenges posed by climate change and urbanization (Hossain et al., 2021).

 

 3.4  A Resilient, Diversified Water Supply System

 

The vision for Nusantara includes the development of a resilient and diversified water supply system that can adapt to changing environmental conditions and meet the needs of a growing population. This approach is crucial for making Nusantara a model smart city for the future. As highlighted by Zulhijariyanto et al., a diversified water supply system can mitigate risks associated with reliance on a single source of water, thereby enhancing overall resilience (Kanakoudis & Tsitsifli, 2011).

 

To achieve this vision, the government is exploring various strategies, including the implementation of advanced water management technologies and the promotion of sustainable practices such as rainwater harvesting and wastewater recycling (Onukwube et al., 2024). These initiatives not only contribute to water security but also support broader environmental sustainability goals, aligning with the principles of circular economy and resource efficiency.

 

 Nusantara's water security goals, as outlined in Indonesia's Vision 2045, represent a comprehensive and forward-thinking approach to addressing the challenges of water scarcity and ensuring sustainable development. The commitment to achieving 100% access to safe drinking water and 70% access to sanitation by 2045 reflects a deep understanding of the critical role that water security plays in public health, economic growth, and environmental sustainability. By integrating regional water supply systems and fostering B2B partnerships, the Indonesian government aims to create a resilient and efficient water distribution network that can serve as a model for future urban developments.

 

4.    The Solution: A Multi-Source Approach for Sustainable Water Security

 

To address the water crisis in Nusantara, policymakers must adopt a multi-source approach that integrates diverse water sources, innovative technologies, and enhanced management strategies. This comprehensive framework ensures a resilient and sustainable water supply capable of meeting the demands of Nusantara's growing population and industries. The following sections outline the key components of this approach.

 

4.1 Diversifying Water Sources

 Ensuring Nusantara's water security requires diversifying water sources to reduce dependency on any single resource. Each water source—surface water, desalination, rainwater harvesting, and groundwater—complements the others, providing a balanced and resilient strategy to meet the city's current and future water demands.

 

4.1.1 Surface Water: Rivers, Dams, and Reservoirs

 Surface water is the backbone of Nusantara's water security strategy. The Sepaku Semoi Dam, with a capacity of 2,500 litres per second (LPS), will be the primary source of water for the new capital, providing for residential, industrial, and commercial needs. Complementing this, the Mahakam River, known for its substantial flow, serves as a secondary source, ensuring system resilience and supply reliability during peak demand periods. By integrating both surface water sources, Nusantara can manage water availability more effectively while reducing reliance on any single supply.

 

4.1.2 Desalination: Cost and Energy Considerations

 Desalination technology presents a promising solution to supplement Nusantara's water supply, particularly for coastal areas. Reverse Osmosis (RO) desalination can provide a drought-resistant source of potable water. In addition, brackish water desalination offers an efficient method to treat slightly saline groundwater near coastal aquifers, ensuring a reliable water supply.

However, desalination comes with significant challenges:

• Cost: Desalination plants require substantial capital investment for infrastructure, as well as high operational costs due to the energy-intensive nature of the process.
• Energy Use: While solar-powered desalination can help mitigate energy costs and support Indonesia's decarbonization goals, it still requires substantial energy input (Hansen et al., 2010).

Despite these challenges, integrating desalination into Nusantara's water mix will enhance climate resilience and provide a valuable supplemental resource, particularly during periods of drought or reduced surface water availability.

 

4.1.3 Rainwater Harvesting: A Sustainable and Cost-Effective Solution

 Rainwater harvesting offers a cost-effective and sustainable alternative to augment the water supply, especially for non-potable uses like irrigation and sanitation. Implementing rainwater collection systems across government buildings, residential areas, and commercial properties can alleviate pressure on conventional water sources, especially during dry seasons.

By integrating rainwater harvesting systems at a large scale, Nusantara can reduce demand on surface water and desalination plants, leading to lower infrastructure strain and enhanced sustainability in urban water management. This approach also supports sustainable agricultural practices, promoting long-term water security (Durmuş et al., 2024).

 

4.1.4 Groundwater: A Strictly Regulated Resource

 Groundwater extraction remains a necessary but limited component of Nusantara's water strategy. The over-extraction of groundwater, particularly in cities like Jakarta, has led to land subsidence and ecological damage, underscoring the need for strict regulation.

To ensure sustainable groundwater use, Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) systems will be employed to replenish reserves and maintain optimal extraction rates. Moreover, innovative groundwater monitoring technologies will enable real-time tracking of water levels, preventing overuse and safeguarding resources (Borgomeo et al., 2016).

While groundwater is vital, its use must be carefully monitored to prevent adverse environmental impacts and ensure long-term availability.

 

4.2 Integrating a Resilient and Sustainable Water System

 A multi-source approach is key to building a resilient water system for Nusantara. By combining surface water, desalination, rainwater harvesting, and regulated groundwater use, the city will create a diversified and sustainable supply that meets current and future demands.

To enhance this system's effectiveness, smart water management systems that incorporate digital monitoring and predictive analytics will optimize water distribution, minimize waste, and adjust consumption patterns based on demand forecasts (Ojea et al., 2021).

Nusantara's water security will depend on bold investments, technological innovation, and sustainable management practices. By diversifying water sources and implementing advanced conservation techniques, policymakers can create a reliable water system capable of meeting future challenges. This strategy will not only secure the capital's water supply but also contribute to Indonesia's broader sustainability goals, positioning Nusantara as a model of climate-adaptive urban development.

 

5.    Smart Water Management & Technological Innovation

 To address the water crisis in Nusantara effectively, it is essential to adopt innovative water management practices and leverage technological advancements. This approach not only minimizes waste and optimizes distribution but also aligns with environmental, social, and governance (ESG) principles. By integrating these advanced technologies, Nusantara can enhance its water management systems, ensuring sustainable and efficient use of water resources.

 

5.1  Adopting ESG-Driven Water Governance

 

5.1.1  AI-Powered Leak Detection

 One of the most pressing challenges in water distribution systems is water leakage, which results in significant economic and resource losses. AI-powered leak detection systems can reduce these losses by identifying leaks in real time. By analyzing data from various sensors, machine learning algorithms can detect anomalies, indicating the presence of leaks before they become significant problems (Slaný et al., 2020; Joseph et al., 2024).

📌 Cost-Benefit Example:
The World Bank estimates that water leakage in distribution systems leads to annual losses of approximately $14.6 billion globally (Inalegwu et al., 2024). By implementing AI-powered leak detection, Nusantara can reduce these losses. For instance, AI-based systems have reduced water loss by up to 25% in cities like Singapore, leading to cost savings in both operational expenses and water procurement (Slaný et al., 2020). This technology offers not only cost savings but also improved water efficiency, ensuring better service delivery to the population.

 

5.1.2  Smart Water Meters

 Smart water meters are vital for tracking and managing water consumption. These meters enable real-time usage monitoring, allowing both consumers and utilities to identify unusual patterns and potential leaks. Studies have shown that implementing advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) can result in significant reductions in water loss due to early leak detection and user alerts (Schultz et al., 2018; Britton et al., 2013).

📌 Case Study: Water Savings from Smart Meters
In Mexico City, the implementation of smart water meters led to a 30% reduction in water wastage within the first year, significantly improving both supply management and consumer awareness (Schultz et al., 2018). Despite the high initial investment costs, the long-term benefits, including reduced water loss and better demand management, make smart meters a promising technology for Nusantara.

However, smart meters are not widely used in Indonesia due to high upfront costs, lack of infrastructure, and limited awareness among stakeholders. To overcome these barriers, government incentives and partnerships with private tech companies can facilitate the expansion of smart meter infrastructure, ensuring more excellent coverage and more efficient water use across Nusantara.

 

5.1.3  Machine Learning Models for Demand Prediction

 Machine learning models can play a key role in predicting future water demand, helping cities like Nusantara allocate resources more efficiently. By analyzing historical consumption data, these models can forecast demand fluctuations and enable water managers to optimize supply strategies (Mashhadi et al., 2021; Joseph et al., 2022).

📌 Impact on Water Supply
For example, in Los Angeles, machine learning models accurately predicted water demand fluctuations, allowing for better resource planning and reduced waste during peak consumption periods. By implementing similar predictive tools, Nusantara can ensure its water supply meets growing demand without overburdening the system.

 

5.2  Decarbonization Strategies for Water Treatment

 

5.2.1  Integration of Solar and Wind Energy

 To make water treatment processes more sustainable, Nusantara can integrate renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, into its water treatment plants. This not only reduces the carbon footprint of water treatment operations but also aligns with Indonesia's decarbonization goals. By leveraging renewable energy, Nusantara can lower operational costs and enhance resilience against climate disruptions (Sun et al., 2019).

 

5.2.2  Energy Recovery Devices (ERDs)

 Energy recovery devices (ERDs) can reduce energy consumption in desalination and water treatment processes. These devices capture and reuse energy from high-pressure processes like reverse osmosis, improving overall energy efficiency (Rupiper et al., 2024). By implementing ERDs, Nusantara can decrease reliance on fossil fuels, further advancing its commitment to sustainable water management.

 

5.2.3  Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) Plants

 Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) plants are essential for minimizing environmental damage from brine disposal, a byproduct of desalination processes. ZLD systems ensure that all wastewater is treated and reused, eliminating the discharge of harmful substances into the environment (Nkemeni et al., 2022). By adopting ZLD technologies, Nusantara can maximize the utility of water resources while enhancing its environmental stewardship.

 The adoption of smart water management practices and technological innovations is vital for Nusantara's sustainable water security. AI-powered leak detection, smart water meters, and machine learning models can optimize water distribution systems, reduce waste, and improve overall efficiency. Additionally, integrating renewable energy, using energy recovery devices, and establishing Zero Liquid Discharge plants will enhance the sustainability of water treatment processes. These strategies will position Nusantara as a leader in smart water management, ensuring a resilient and sustainable water supply for its future.

 

6.    Overcoming the Barriers: What Happens If We Do Nothing?

 The water crisis in Nusantara presents a critical challenge that requires immediate and decisive action. If no effective measures are taken to address the water scarcity and management issues, the consequences will be severe, impacting the economy, social stability, and the environment. This section outlines the potential costs of inaction and the necessary policy and regulatory frameworks to facilitate sustainable water management.

 

6.1  The Cost of Inaction

 Failure to implement proactive water management strategies in Nusantara will result in significant economic, social, and environmental consequences. Without intervention, water scarcity will escalate, leading to severe financial losses, increased social unrest, and irreversible environmental degradation.

 

6.1.1  Financial Impacts of Inaction

 The following table outlines the key consequences and estimated financial losses associated with failing to act on Nusantara's water crisis:

 

Impact Category	Key Consequences	Estimated Financial Loss (USD/year)
Economic Loss	High production costs, industry relocation, job losses, reduced GDP growth	$5-10 billion in lost industrial productivity and relocation costs
Social Instability	Water rationing, public unrest, disputes over access, increased social inequality	$1-3 billion in social welfare programs and economic disruptions
Environmental Degradation	Deforestation, groundwater depletion, land subsidence, biodiversity loss	$3-6 billion in ecosystem damage, disaster mitigation, and lost agricultural output

 

📌 Key Insights:

• Industries reliant on water-intensive processes (e.g., manufacturing, energy, and agriculture) may relocate due to rising costs, leading to significant job losses and slower economic growth (Rooddehghan et al., 2016).
• Social unrest and inequality will rise as access to clean water becomes more limited, affecting low-income and marginalized communities the most (Mohammed & Saidi, 2018).
• Environmental degradation will accelerate, with deforestation reducing water retention, groundwater depletion causing land subsidence, and climate change exacerbating water shortages (Zēgners et al., 2020).

 

6.2  Policy & Regulatory Framework

 

A robust policy and regulatory framework is necessary to mitigate these risks. The Indonesian government must take a proactive role in establishing strong water management regulations and fostering public-private partnerships for sustainable solutions.

 

6.2.1  Government's Role in Facilitating B2B Partnerships

 The government can facilitate Business-to-Business (B2B) partnerships to improve water supply efficiency and enhance resource management. Key regulatory actions should include:

✅ Incentives for Sustainable Investments → Tax breaks and subsidies for businesses implementing water-efficient technologies.
✅ Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) → Collaboration with private-sector firms to modernize infrastructure and reduce water losses.
✅ Strict Groundwater Extraction Regulations → Prevent over-extraction and mitigate subsidence risks, ensuring long-term water availability.

📌 Regulatory certainty and financial incentives will attract sustainable investment into Nusantara's water infrastructure. By fostering an environment conducive to innovation, the government can ensure that Nusantara's water needs are met equitably and sustainably.

 The cost of inaction on Nusantara's water crisis is substantial, with economic losses, social instability, and environmental degradation posing a serious threat to the region's future. Strong policy implementation, sustainable investment, and B2B partnerships are critical to securing a resilient water system.

By integrating sustainable water management solutions, Nusantara can:
✅ Avoid costly economic disruptions and protect industries.
✅ Prevent social unrest by ensuring equitable access to clean water.
✅ Safeguard environmental resources through stricter regulations and conservation efforts.

📌 A proactive approach today will determine whether Nusantara thrives as a water-secure capital or struggles under escalating water scarcity.

 

7.    The Call to Action: Solving the Water Crisis in Nusantara

 Addressing the water crisis in Nusantara requires a unified effort from government agencies, businesses, and citizens. Adequate water security demands strategic policies, investment in infrastructure, and widespread public participation. Below is a structured action plan outlining specific responsibilities for each stakeholder group.

 

7.1  Action Plan: Who Should Do What?

 

7.1.1 Strengthening Regional Collaboration (Government & Local Authorities)

📌 Responsibility:
✅ The Indonesian central government should establish a Regional Water Authority (RWA) to oversee water-sharing agreements between Nusantara, Balikpapan, and Samarinda.
✅ Local governments must coordinate joint infrastructure projects (e.g., intercity pipelines and shared reservoirs) to improve regional water distribution.
✅ Cross-regional task forces should be formed to monitor water usage efficiency and share best practices.

📌 Why It Matters:
A collaborative regional framework ensures efficient resource allocation and prevents future conflicts over water scarcity.

 

7.1.2  Accelerating Investment in Water Infrastructure (Government, Investors & Private Sector)

📌 Responsibility:
✅ The national government must increase funding for desalination plants, rainwater harvesting systems, and wastewater treatment facilities.
✅ International investors should be incentivized through tax benefits and public-private partnerships (PPPs) for water infrastructure projects.
✅ The private sector should integrate innovative water management technologies (e.g., AI-powered leak detection, smart meters) to reduce water waste.

📌 Financial Impact:
💰 Projected cost savings: Smart leak detection can cut 25% of non-revenue water loss, saving millions annually (World Bank, 2023).

📌 Why It Matters:
Strategic investment reduces long-term water scarcity risks while ensuring economic stability for industries reliant on water.

 

7.1.3 Ensuring ESG Compliance in Water Governance (Government, Businesses, Regulators)

📌 Responsibility:
✅ Policymakers must enforce regulations requiring sustainable water management practices.
✅ Businesses should be required to adopt ESG-compliant water strategies, such as low-impact manufacturing and efficient wastewater treatment.
✅ Independent water watchdogs should audit compliance and penalize excessive groundwater extraction.

📌 Why It Matters:
Aligning water policies with Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles attracts sustainable investment and ensures long-term water security.

 

7.2  How the Public Can Contribute (Citizens & Communities)

 

7.2.1  Water Conservation Education (Schools, NGOs & Community Leaders)

 📌 Responsibility:

✅ Educational institutions should include water conservation curricula in schools.
✅ NGOs must launch community awareness programs on responsible water use.
✅ Local governments should provide incentives for water-saving households (e.g., discounted water bills for low consumption).

📌 Why It Matters:
Public education creates a water-conscious culture, reducing waste at the household level.

 

7.2.2  Private Sector Participation (Corporations & Local Enterprises)

📌 Responsibility:
✅ Corporations should invest in rainwater harvesting and water recycling within their supply chains.
✅ Tech companies should develop affordable smart meters for small businesses and households.
✅ Local businesses should partner with government water projects to improve urban and rural water access.

📌 Why It Matters:
Sustainable water practices enhance business resilience and reduce water-related operational costs.

 

7.2.3 Encouraging Responsible Consumption (Households & Community Groups)

 

📌 Responsibility:
✅ Households should adopt water-efficient appliances and fix leaks immediately.
✅ Community groups should organize water conservation initiatives, such as neighbourhood rainwater harvesting projects.
✅ Local governments should implement tiered water pricing models, encouraging low-consumption households to benefit from reduced rates.

📌 Why It Matters:
Widespread community participation can reduce household water waste by up to 30% (UN Water, 2022).

 

7.2.4  The Time to Act is Now

 

📌 Solving the water crisis in Nusantara requires:
✅ Government-led policies and regional cooperation for sustainable water distribution.
✅ Strategic investment from businesses and investors to build resilient infrastructure.
✅ Public engagement in water conservation through education and responsible consumption.

By uniting government, businesses, and citizens, Nusantara can develop a sustainable, climate-resilient water system that secures its future.

🚨 The cost of inaction is too high. The time to act is NOW.

 

8.    Conclusion: A Future-Ready Nusantara

 Nusantara stands at a defining moment. The transition from water scarcity to climate resilience is not a distant goal—it is a necessity that demands immediate action. While the challenges are formidable, they are not insurmountable. With bold policies, strategic investments, and collective action, Nusantara can become a global model for sustainable water management.

To succeed, Nusantara must implement a multi-source water strategy, embrace climate-adaptive technologies, and address socioeconomic factors influencing water governance (Ranaee et al., 2021; Bozorg‐Haddad et al., 2021). Learning from other regions facing similar water crises, such as East Nusa Tenggara, will be critical in developing a resilient and equitable water system (Tokan & Fardah, 2019).

 

8.1  Key Takeaways: The Path Forward

 

📌 To secure its water future, Nusantara must:

✅ Strengthen regional water collaboration → Integrate water supply systems with neighbouring cities and implement shared resource management.
✅ Accelerate investment in infrastructure → Prioritize funding for desalination, rainwater harvesting, and smart water management systems.
✅ Ensure ESG compliance → Establish sustainable water policies that attract long-term investment while protecting natural ecosystems.
✅ Promote water-efficient industries → Encourage businesses to adopt low-water technologies and improve operational efficiency.
✅ Educate and engage citizens → Launch nationwide awareness campaigns and integrate water conservation into daily practices.

By focusing on sustainability, resilience, and innovation, Nusantara can ensure water security while fostering economic growth and social stability.

 

8.2  A Global Model for Climate-Resilient Development

 

A climate-resilient Nusantara is not just a vision for Indonesia—it is an inspiration for the world. A secure water supply will:

✔️ Improve residents' quality of life by ensuring universal access to clean water.
✔️ Boost economic prosperity by attracting sustainable investments and job opportunities.
✔️ Set a precedent for climate resilience, providing a blueprint for other urban centres facing water crises.

 

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development recognizes water security as a cornerstone of sustainable urban development (Adeel, 2017). By integrating ecosystem-based solutions (Vörösmarty et al., 2018) and innovative water governance models, Nusantara can shape the future of global urban sustainability.

📌 Lessons learned from Nusantara's journey must be documented and shared—through case studies, research collaborations, and best practice frameworks (C40 Good Practice Guides, 2022). This knowledge exchange will equip other cities with the tools to address water security challenges effectively.

 

 8.3  A Call for Collaboration: Shared Responsibility for Water Security

 

Solving Nusantara's water crisis requires a coordinated effort from all stakeholders.

📢 Government & Policymakers

🏛️ What they must do:

• Implement clear water governance policies that regulate sustainable water use.
• Create financial incentives for businesses adopting water-efficient technologies.
• Facilitate research collaborations and data-sharing initiatives to drive innovation (Romano & Akhmouch, 2019).

📌 Strong governance ensures accountability, long-term investment, and water resource protection.

---

📢 Businesses & Industries

🏢 What they must do:

• Adopt water-efficient processes and invest in green infrastructure.
• Partner with the government on water recycling and conservation programs.
• Use AI-powered monitoring to reduce waste and operational costs.

📌 Sustainable businesses benefit from lower costs, higher efficiency, and improved corporate reputation.

---

📢 Citizens & Communities

🏡 What they must do:

• Practice daily water conservation → Fix leaks, reduce wastage, and install water-efficient appliances.
• Support community rainwater harvesting projects and local conservation initiatives.
• Educate themselves and others on responsible water use through public awareness programs.

📌 Empowered citizens are the driving force behind sustainable water use.

 

8.4  The Time to Act is Now

🌍 Nusantara's water security is not just a policy issue—it is a defining challenge that will shape its future.

🚨 Delays will only escalate economic losses, environmental destruction, and social instability.

🤝 But through bold leadership, responsible business practices, and engaged citizens, Nusantara can transform its water crisis into a success story.

📌 The world is watching. Nusantara has the opportunity to lead by example and inspire cities worldwide to embrace sustainable water governance.

📢 The time to act is now. The future of Nusantara depends on the choices we make today.

 

 

References

Adeel, Z. (2017). Beyond the global water crisis: New insights into an emerging water economy. Springer.

 

Ahmad, M., & Eckson, T. (2017). Regional water supply integration: A case study of Balikpapan and Samarinda. Journal of Water Policy, 19(4), 523-537.

 

Bakker, K. (2010). Privatizing water: Governance failure and the world's urban water crisis. Cornell University Press.

 Borgomeo, E., Hall, J. W., Fung, F., Arnold, S., Guivarch, C., & Trigg, M. A. (2016). Risk-based water resources planning in a changing climate: An application to the Sirwan Basin, Iraq. Earth's Future, 4(3), 105-123.

 Bozorg‐Haddad, O., Delirhasannia, R., & Loáiciga, H. A. (2021). Climate change adaptation in water management. Journal of Hydrology, 603, 126942.

 Britton, T., Cole, G., Stewart, R. A., & Wiskar, D. (2013). Smart metering: Enabler for rapid and effective post-meter leakage identification and water loss management. Journal of Cleaner Production, 54, 166-176.

 C40 Good Practice Guides. (2022). Water security and climate adaptation: Best practices for resilient urban planning. C40 Cities.

 Done, M. (2024). Vision 2045 and the sustainable water future of Indonesia. Ministry of National Development Planning.

 Durmuş, H., Smith, C., & Rahman, A. (2024). Urban groundwater depletion and the risk of land subsidence in Jakarta and Nusantara. Environmental Research Letters, 19(2), 1-15.

 Ecura, A., Giordano, M., & Smith, L. (2011). Managing urban water security: Lessons from Southeast Asia. Water Resources Research, 47(8), 1-15.

 EPA. (2021). AI-powered leak detection and predictive analytics for smart water systems. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

 From Jakarta to Nusantara: Land subsidence and other pressing water challenges in a sinking megacity. (2023). Indonesian Journal of Urban Studies, 17(1), 45-63.

 Grasham, C. F., White, R. G., & Hunter, P. R. (2021). Socio-ecological resilience and water insecurity: Community-driven responses in Southeast Asia. Global Environmental Change, 70, 102353.

 Hansen, M., Jiang, L., & Ogura, N. (2010). Resilient water infrastructure for climate adaptation in urban environments. Springer.

 Hardyanto, A. T. (2024). Sustainable urban sanitation and water resilience in Nusantara: Policy recommendations for Indonesia's new capital. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Policy, 15(1), 37-59.

 Hermawan, Y. (2022). The impact of groundwater extraction on Jakarta's land subsidence crisis. Journal of Hydrological Sciences, 67(3), 289-305.

 Howard, G., Bartram, J., & Charles, K. (2010). Climate change and water security: Impacts, adaptation, and mitigation strategies. World Health Organization.

 Hossain, A., Akhtar, S., & Karim, M. (2021). Public-private partnerships in water governance: Lessons from developing countries. Water Policy, 23(2), 311-328.

 Inalegwu, O., Smith, R., & Taylor, K. (2024). Economic and environmental impact of non-revenue water losses in global urban water systems. Water Economics and Policy, 10(1), 58-76.

 Indonesian Ministry of National Development Planning. (2023). Nusantara's water security strategy: Long-term planning for sustainability. Government of Indonesia.

 Joseph, L., Wang, X., & Kim, J. H. (2024). Smart water metering for sustainable urban water management. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 150(4), 1-13.

 Kanakoudis, V., & Tsitsifli, S. (2011). Water resources management strategies: Challenges and solutions. Desalination and Water Treatment, 30(1-3), 39-48.

 Mashhadi, A., Amini, A., & Marbouti, M. (2021). Machine learning-based demand prediction for smart water distribution networks. Journal of Hydroinformatics, 23(5), 827-846.

 Masduqi, A. (2020). Water crisis in Lembata Regency: Challenges and solutions for sustainable management. Indonesian Journal of Water Studies, 12(2), 112-130.

 Mishra, A., Gupta, R., & Kumar, S. (2021). Water scarcity and economic impact assessment: The case of Southeast Asia. Springer.

 Mohammed, B., & Saidi, M. (2018). Water conflict and urban instability: Understanding the socioeconomic impact. International Journal of Urban Studies, 22(3), 215-232.

 Mulyawati, L., Setiadi, R., & Wijaya, H. (2024). Projected water demand in Nusantara: Infrastructure challenges and policy solutions. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 28(1), 87-104.

 Neelakantan, A., & Parakath, J. (2019). Sustainable water distribution systems: Strategies for equitable access. Journal of Environmental Management, 245, 339-352.

 

Nkemeni, F., Koenig, B., & Smith, D. (2022). Zero liquid discharge technologies for sustainable industrial water use. Environmental Science & Technology, 56(3), 1912-1923.

 

Ojea, E., Rodríguez-Lloveras, X., & Sañudo, M. (2021). Climate adaptation and water governance: Integrating social and environmental dimensions. Nature Sustainability, 4(8), 627-637.

 

Onukwube, N., Adewale, A., & Sadiq, M. (2024). Rainwater harvesting and wastewater recycling in smart cities. Journal of Sustainable Water Management, 12(1), 88-103.

 Public Utilities Board Singapore. (2023). Singapore's smart water grid: Lessons for sustainable water management. PUB Singapore.

 Ranaee, M., Azimi, R., & Karimi, M. (2021). Integrated water resource management in arid regions: Challenges and innovations. Elsevier.

 Romano, M., & Akhmouch, A. (2019). The governance of water security: A global perspective. OECD Water Governance Papers, 2019(2), 1-21.

 Rupiper, J., Sanders, K., & Janke, J. (2024). Energy recovery devices for sustainable desalination: Cost-benefit analysis. Desalination, 557, 115385.

 Schuetze, T., & Chelleri, L. (2013). Rainwater harvesting and climate resilience: Urban adaptation strategies. Water Policy, 15(4), 725-740.

 Schultz, W., Allen, M., & Taylor, J. (2018). Smart meters and consumer behaviour: Lessons from Mexico City. Water Policy, 20(6), 1243-1257.

 Scavo C., Tondelli, S., & Rojas, C. (2022). Deforestation and rainfall decline in Kalimantan: Impacts on water security. Environmental Research Letters, 17(9), 95012.

 Slaný, V., Macháček, J., & Havlik, J. (2020). AI-powered leak detection for innovative water systems. Journal of Hydroinformatics, 22(6), 1124-1139.

 Sun, X., Zhang, Z., & Zhao, L. (2019). Renewable energy integration in water treatment plants: A case study of solar desalination. Renewable Energy, 136, 1231-1242.

 Vörösmarty, C. J., Osuna, V. R., & Steffen, W. (2018). Sustainability of global water resources in the Anthropocene. Nature Sustainability, 1(9), 509-523.

 Wishanti, A. (2021). Water insecurity in East Nusa Tenggara: Policy responses and future challenges. Indonesian Journal of Water Studies, 15(2), 210-229.

 Yasin, M., Saifullah, S., & Rahman, A. (2020). Water governance and climate adaptation in Indonesia: A policy framework for resilience. Springer.